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| Hamilton v. Regents of the University of California ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Hamilton v. Regents of the University of California
''Hamilton v. Regents of the University of California'', 293 U.S. 245 (1934), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court upheld the "right of California to force its university students to take classes in military training" and reiterated that "()nstruction in military science is not instruction in the practice or tenets of a religion."〔(The Religious Freedom Page summary ), Library of the University of Virginia〕〔Hamilton v. Regents of the University of California, 293 U.S. 245, at 38〕 It was also held that the University of California constituted a corporation created by the state to administer the University, its president, and its provost, and as held is a constitutional department or function of the state government and as such an order by the regents is in effect a statute or law of the state.〔(JUSTIA summary ), Oyez.org〕
== Background ==
On March 23, 1868, the Legislature of California passed an act ((Stats. 1867-8 ), ch. 244, p. 248) creating the University "in order to devote to the largest purposes of education the benefaction made to the State" by the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act. The act stated:〔Hamilton v. Regents of the University of California, 293 U.S. 245, at 15〕〔(Stats. 1867-8 ), ch. 244, section 6, p. 250〕
and in order to fulfil the requirements of the said Act of Congress, all able-bodied male students of the University, whether pursuing full or partial courses in any college, or as students at large, shall receive instruction and discipline in military tactics in such manner and to such extent as the Regents shall prescribe, the requisite arms for which shall be furnished by the State.
On September 15, 1931, the regents promulgated an order requiring students to take the course in military science and tactics in the Reserve Officers Training Corps as proscribed by the War Department.〔Hamilton v. Regents of the University of California, 293 U.S. 245, at 3〕 The order proscribed the following:〔Hamilton v. Regents of the University of California, 293 U.S. 245, at 15, 16〕
Every able bodied student of the University of California who, at the time of his matriculation at the University, is under the age of twenty-four years and a citizen of the United States and who has not attained full academic standing as a junior student in the University and has not completed the course in military science and tactics offered to freshmen and sophomore students at the University shall be and is hereby required as a condition to his attendance as a student to enroll in and complete a course in not less than one and one-half units of instruction in military science and tactics each semester of his attendance until such time as he shall have received a total of six units of such instruction or shall have attained full academic standing as a junior student.
In October, 1933, several minors belonging to the Methodist Episcopal Church and of the Epworth League enrolled in the University of California system. The students at the beginning of the fall term in 1933 petitioned the University for exemption from military training and participation in the activities of the training corps, upon the ground of their religious and conscientious objection to war and to military training.〔Hamilton v. Regents of the University of California, 293 U.S. 245, at 11〕 The regents refused to make military training optional or to exempt these students.〔Hamilton v. Regents of the University of California, 293 U.S. 245, at 12〕
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